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|combatant2= Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (from October 1997) Cobra Militia Rwandan Hutu Militia 〔 | combatant2a = |commander1= Pascal Lissouba Bernard Kolelas Joseph Kabila |commander2= Denis Sassou Nguesso José Eduardo dos Santos Idriss Déby |strength1=3,000 Cocoye Militia 16,000 Ninja Militia 200–300 FARDC〔〔 |strength2=8,000 Cobra Militia 1,500 Angolan Armed Forces 600 Rwandan Hutu Militia〔 |casualties1= |casualties2= |casualties3= 13,929–25,050 total deaths. Over 200,000 internally displaced and 6,000 foreign refugees.〔〔 |}} The Second Republic of the Congo Civil War was an ethnopolitical civil conflict in the African state of Republic of the Congo, beginning on 5 June 1997 and continuing until December 1999. The war served as the continuation of the civil war of 1993 and involved militias representing three political candidates. The conflict ended following the intervention of the Angolan army, which reinstated former president Denis Sassou Nguesso to power. ==Background== The Republic of the Congo gained its independence from France in 1960, and soon entered a period of political turbulence. Following a three-day uprising, Congo fell under the influence of scientific socialism, establishing relations with the Eastern Bloc and becoming a single-party People's Republic. Two regime changes took place as the country faced a rise in ethnic tensions, with Denis Sassou Nguesso assuming presidency in 1979. In 1990 the country made its first steps towards a multiparty political system, eventually leading to the 1992 general elections. The elections concluded with UPADS candidate Pascal Lissouba winning the presidential race, MCDDI's Bernard Kolelas coming second, and PCT's Sassou Nguesso running third. Kolelas and Sassou Nguesso were dissatisfied with the outcome of the elections, and created an alliance against Lissouba. Tensions continued to rise as Kolelas, Lissouba and Sassou formed the Ninja, Cocoye, and Cobra militia respectively. The militia drew members from their leaders' ethnic and political backgrounds: the Mbochi supported Sassou, and the Nibolek and the Lari sided with Lissouba and Kolelas respectively.〔〔 Citing electoral fraud during the 1993 parliamentary elections, the Ninja and Cobra militia launched a civil war against the Cocoye. The conflict ended in December 1994, leaving 2,000 people dead and many more displaced. Despite remaining in power, Lissouba failed to fully implement the peace accords signed at the end of the war, as the country's militias retained their weapons. High unemployment rates, an atmosphere of political uncertainty, and the steady flow of firearms coming from regional conflicts contributed to the rise of the militia movement within the country. Violent disputes continued with each faction preparing for the upcoming 1997 elections.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second Republic of the Congo Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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